再叙古朴乡镇的“原真性”。
Recounting the ‘Authenticity’ of a Rustic Village.
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从前现代到当下社会，乡村建筑营造过程中，混合着不同时代和语境下复杂的身份和地方认同。乡村建筑营造中的文化认同，是一个因应时代发展、内涵持续变化的过程。各种彰显主流文化的地域建筑和自发自主的个性建筑，既反映丰富多彩的地方差异，也折射出不同历史阶段地方认同的文化基础。
From pre-modern times to contemporary society, the process of rural architectural construction has intertwined complex identities and local recognitions from different eras and contexts. The cultural identity in rural architectural construction is a process that evolves and changes its meaning in response to the development of the times. Various regional architectures that showcase mainstream culture, along with spontaneously individualistic buildings, not only reflect the rich and colorful local differences but also reveal the cultural foundations of local identities at different historical stages.
| 古村建筑自主营造的文化认同 |
Identity In Self-built Vanacular Village Architecture
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婺源篁岭被誉为“中国最美乡村”，并荣获联合国世界旅游组织（UNWTO）“最佳旅游乡村”称号。这十几年来，篁岭经历了从逐渐荒废的古村落，到成为国内外知名的“最美乡村”的华丽转变。篁岭与传统乡村营造不同，设计由当地匠人与村庄文化团队负责，基于同济大学编制的《婺源篁岭民俗文化村发展规划》，以古村产权收购、搬迁安置结合古民居异地搬迁保护的模式进行村落创造性的保护开发。
Huangling Village in Wuyuan is known as “China’s most beautiful rural village” and has been awarded the title of “Best Tourism Village” by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Since 2009, Huangling has undergone a dramatic transformation from a frequently disaster-stricken, water-scarce, and gradually abandoned ancient village to becoming a nationally and internationally renowned “most beautiful village.” Huangling has creatively protected and developed the village through a model that combines the acquisition of ancient village property rights with the relocation and resettlement of ancient residential buildings to new sites.
篁岭的每一砖每一瓦、每一草每一木都在重塑当地匠人心中的乡愁。乡村设计面临的挑战并非仅仅依赖尖端技术或满足审美偏好，而是需要一个深植于本土文化的，从全面的设计规划到文化保护和挖掘，共同努力打造具有深度的乡村复兴项目。
Every brick and tile, every blade of grass and tree in Huangling reshapes the nostalgia in the hearts of local craftsmen. The challenges faced by rural design do not merely rely on cutting-edge technology or satisfying aesthetic preferences, but require a deep-rooted approach in local culture. This approach encompasses comprehensive design planning to cultural preservation and excavation, collectively striving to create a profound rural revitalization project.
古村建筑的自主营造认同涉及将传统技术和当地材料应用于建筑实践，以维持和传承地方特有的建筑风格和文化身份。这种认同不仅反映了对传统建筑技艺的尊重，也体现了社区对自身文化遗产的价值观和保护意识。
The autonomous construction identity of ancient village architecture involves applying traditional techniques and local materials in building practices to maintain and pass on the area’s unique architectural styles and cultural identities. This identity reflects not only a respect for traditional building skills but also illustrates the community’s values and awareness towards preserving its own cultural heritage.
在古村落中，建筑往往是通过村民共同的努力以及传承数代的建筑知识来营造的。这样的建筑不仅是居住的场所，更是社区文化和历史的承载体。自主营造的建筑过程强调使用当地可获得的材料，如土、木、石等，这些材料的使用使得建筑与自然环境和谐共存，同时也保证了建筑的环境可持续性。
In ancient villages, buildings are often constructed through the collective efforts of villagers and the architectural knowledge passed down through generations. These structures serve not only as places of residence but also as carriers of community culture and history. The autonomous construction process emphasizes the use of locally available materials, such as earth, wood, and stone. The use of these materials ensures that the buildings harmoniously coexist with the natural environment and also supports the environmental sustainability of the architecture.
此外，这种建筑认同还表现在对建筑形式和装饰风格的坚持上，这些风格和形式经过时间的沉淀，已成为该地区文化的重要组成部分。通过自主营造的古村建筑，不仅保持了村庄的独特性，也为后代提供了直接连接过去的桥梁，强化了社区成员之间的连带感和对地方历史的自豪感。
Additionally, this architectural identity is also manifested in the adherence to architectural forms and decorative styles, which have become an integral part of the region’s culture through the passage of time. By autonomously constructing ancient village buildings, not only is the uniqueness of the village preserved, but a direct bridge to the past is also provided for future generations. This strengthens the sense of solidarity among community members and their pride in local history.
| 砖瓦搭建下的古朴生活 |
The Simple Life Under Brick and Tile Construction
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在砖瓦搭建的屋檐下，生活展现了一种简朴而持久的工艺美感。这些砖瓦，从大地中采集原料，经过世代相传的窑火技艺烧制而成，不仅提供了遮蔽之所，更与社区的文化遗产共鸣。
Beneath the eaves constructed of bricks and tiles, life exhibits a simple and enduring aesthetic of craftsmanship. These bricks and tiles, made from materials gathered from the earth and fired using age-old kiln techniques passed down through generations, not only provide shelter but also resonate with the community’s cultural heritage.
风化却坚固的砖墙，以及优雅老化的瓦片，诉说着村民与他们土地和传统的深厚联系。在这些经历时间考验的建筑中，日常生活的节奏并不是由现代的快速节拍所主导，而是随着季节的自然循环和根植于历史的社区实践慢慢流淌。这种在砖瓦下守护的乡村生活方式，提供了一种深刻的连续性和归属感，这种感觉既是村庄建筑的一部分，也是其精神的一部分。
The weathered yet sturdy brick walls and the gracefully aged tiles speak of the villagers’ deep connection with their land and traditions. In these structures that have withstood the test of time, the rhythm of daily life is not dictated by the fast pace of modernity but flows slowly with the natural cycles of the seasons and the community practices rooted in history. This way of life preserved under bricks and tiles offers a profound sense of continuity and belonging, a feeling that is both a part of the village’s architecture and its spirit.
在这样的环境中，村庄的每一个角落都充满了故事和历史的痕迹。清晨，村民们沿着石板路走过，每一步都踏在数百年的历史之上。孩子们在树下嬉戏，老人在门前的石凳上闲聊。这些简单的日常画面，构成了一幅幅活生生的乡村风情画。
In such an environment, every corner of the village brims with stories and traces of history. In the early morning, villagers walk along cobblestone paths, each step treading on centuries of history. Children play under the trees while the elderly chat on stone benches by their doorsteps. These simple everyday scenes paint a vivid picture of rural life.
砖瓦不仅构建了居所，更塑造了一种生活方式，让时间在这里缓缓流淌，仿佛每一砖一瓦都在静静诉说着过往的岁月和未来的希望。这种生活方式深深植根于这片土地，与自然和谐共生，展现出一种人与环境和谐相处的古老智慧。
Bricks and tiles do more than just construct homes—they shape a way of life, allowing time to flow gently as if each brick and tile silently narrates tales of past years and future hopes. This lifestyle is deeply rooted in the land, coexisting harmoniously with nature, and displays an ancient wisdom of living in harmony with the environment.
遵循天人合一的改造原则，不做大拆大改，保留村落与自然交融的山居形式。以传统古村建筑形制，融入当代村旅生活的功能性需求，挖掘在地化的风俗民情化，以空间场景化的呈现，复现山居古村的自然清雅与人文烟火气。
Following the principle of harmony between humanity and nature, the renovation avoids major demolitions and alterations, preserving the village’s form of blending into the mountainous landscape. Traditional ancient village architectural forms are integrated with the functional needs of contemporary village tourism. By exploring localized customs and presenting them through spatial scenarios, the renovation captures the natural elegance and cultural vibrancy of the mountainous ancient village.
| 自然流淌中的新老民居连结 |
Connecting Old and New Residences in the Natural Flow
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这些新老交接的民居古建沿着地势排布，沿着天街这条篁岭交通主道与游览主线展开，交叠着形成了极富空间趣味性与古村烟火气的氛围。设计团队走访古徽州各地，探寻保存完好的精美徽派古民居，通过异地保护重建、老屋“寄养”的形式，为篁岭“引进”了20余座精美古民居，使篁岭成为婺源老建筑密度最大的村落之一。
These ancient and modern interconnected residential buildings are arranged along the terrain, unfolding along Tianjie, the main thoroughfare and sightseeing route of Huangling. Their overlapping creates a space rich in interest and a village atmosphere filled with the essence of everyday life. The design team visited various parts of ancient Huizhou to explore well-preserved exquisite Huizhou-style ancient residences. Through relocation and reconstruction for preservation, and the “fostering” of old houses, more than 20 exquisite ancient residences were “introduced” to Huangling, making it one of the villages in Wuyuan with the highest density of old buildings.
在乡村保护性建设的主题下，新老民居的连结不仅是建筑风格的融合，更是文化传承与现代发展之间的桥梁。乡村地区，通过恰当地融合古老建筑与现代设计，能够在保持乡村风貌的同时，引入现代生活的便捷与舒适。这种建设策略旨在保护和弘扬本土文化的核心价值，同时也为乡村带来新的生机与活力。
Under the theme of protective construction in rural areas, the connection between new and old residences is not just a fusion of architectural styles, but also a bridge between cultural heritage and modern development. In rural regions, appropriately integrating ancient architecture with modern design not only preserves the rural landscape but also introduces the convenience and comfort of modern life. This construction strategy aims to protect and promote the core values of local culture, while also bringing new vitality and vibrancy to the countryside.
在乡村建筑的复原和自发性建造中，特别值得关注的是那些非设计形成的聚集空间。这些空间通常不是事先规划设计出来的，而是随着村民日常生活的需要自然形成的，如村庄的公共广场或是老树下的休息区。这些地方成为了社区成员聚集交流的自然场所，不仅强化了社区的凝聚力，也成为乡村文化传承的活跃场所。
In the restoration and spontaneous construction of rural architecture, particular attention should be paid to spaces that emerge organically, not through deliberate design. These spaces, such as a village’s public square or a shaded area under an old tree, naturally evolve in response to the daily needs of the villagers. These areas become natural gathering points for community interaction, not only strengthening community cohesion but also serving as vibrant hubs for the transmission of rural culture.
在复原古建筑时，保持并强调这些非正式的聚集空间尤为重要。它们虽不像宏伟的建筑那样显眼，但在维持乡村社区的日常生活和社交活动中扮演着核心角色。通过恢复和保护这些空间，不仅能够保存乡村的历史面貌，更能维持社区生活的连续性和真实性。
When restoring ancient buildings, it is particularly important to preserve and emphasize these informal gathering spaces. Although they are not as conspicuous as grand structures, they play a central role in maintaining the daily life and social activities of rural communities. By restoring and protecting these spaces, not only can the historical appearance of the countryside be preserved, but also the continuity and authenticity of community life can be maintained.
此外，自发性建造的实践也展现了乡村居民对自己生活环境的直接影响和控制。这种建造方式往往更贴近居民的实际需求和使用习惯，反映了一种从下而上的社区发展模式。通过这样的方式，乡村建筑不仅仅是居住的空间，更是社区文化和社交互动的舞台，活跃着乡村生活的各个方面。
Additionally, the practice of spontaneous construction demonstrates the direct influence and control rural residents have over their living environments. This method of building is often more aligned with the actual needs and habits of the residents, reflecting a bottom-up approach to community development. Through such practices, rural architecture becomes more than just living spaces; they serve as stages for community culture and social interaction, enlivening all aspects of rural life.
| 传承民俗与谱写匠心 |
Preserving Folk Traditions and Crafting Artistry
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在徽州的历史人文调研上，村庄文化倾注大量的时间和精力，深入研究传统民居样态。老宅异地复建与修复涉及到了诸多的建造难题，与当地匠人通力合作，以极致匠心挖掘徽派建筑群的传统营造技艺，保护并修复精美的建筑砖雕及木雕。
In conducting historical and cultural research in Huizhou, a significant amount of time and effort has been devoted to studying the traditional forms of rural dwellings. The relocation and restoration of old houses involve numerous construction challenges. Collaborating closely with local artisans, the project deeply explores the traditional building techniques of Huizhou architecture. This includes protecting and restoring the exquisite brick carvings and wood carvings that are characteristic of the region’s architectural heritage.
民居也以古村文化元素为主线，遵循地域民俗文化特征，在保护基础上充分利用遗留闲置的生产、生活资料等资源，再现当地民俗文化。
The design of rural residences prominently features elements of ancient village culture, adhering to local folklore and customs. On the basis of preservation, these designs make full use of resources left from former production and daily life, effectively reviving and showcasing the local folk culture. This approach not only honors the historical significance of these elements but also enriches the cultural landscape of the village.
2014年，在整个设计团队的努力下，许村濒危的“怡心堂”，得以整体搬迁至篁岭修缮保护，开发公司采取老建筑保护利用的“寄养”模式，所有权仍归许村镇政府，开发公司则拥有经营使用权。既保住了这座雕龙画栋的精美古宅，也为当地创收。
In 2014, thanks to the efforts of the entire design team, the endangered “Yi Xin Tang” in Xu Village was relocated to Huangling for restoration and preservation. The development company adopted a “fostering” model for the old building’s conservation and utilization, whereby ownership remained with the Xu Village town government, while the development company acquired the rights to operate and use the property. This approach not only preserved the beautifully carved and painted ancient residence but also generated revenue for the local area.
雕龙画栋的“怡心堂”被打造成为传统婚礼场景，为游人展示传统乡村婚俗，村口祠堂与书塾复现传统生活中最为重要的文化场景，堂屋里排放的老式自行车、张贴画，老厨房里的烟火气，让人仿佛回到儿时的村居时光。
The “Yi Xin Tang” has been transformed into a traditional wedding venue, showcasing rural wedding customs to visitors. At the entrance of the village, the ancestral hall and schoolhouse recreate the most important cultural scenes from traditional life. Inside the main hall, old-fashioned bicycles and posters, along with the nostalgic smells of cooking from the old kitchen, transport visitors back to the days of their childhood in the village.
在乡村文化的复兴的过程中，也挖掘复现了酿酒、榨油、竹编等当地传统手工艺。古村原有的生产加工作坊如水碓、油榨等，结合体验动线糅合成为具有记忆点的景观节点，为村落空间增添人文意趣。民俗与匠人匠心，在整个营造过程中，大到一条街道的设计建造，小到一间民居里器物的展陈，都展现的淋漓尽致。
The project also revived traditional local crafts such as wine brewing, oil pressing, and bamboo weaving. Original production workshops in the ancient village, like water mills and oil presses, have been integrated with experiential pathways to create memorable landscape features, adding cultural charm to the village space. From the design and construction of an entire street to the display of artifacts within a single household, every detail is meticulously crafted to enhance the cultural and humanistic appeal of the village.
乡村的文化认同是一个不断变化、不断混合的过程，并不存在一个传统与现代之间二元式的分析框架。在这个复杂的过程中,乡村建筑营造从身份认同、乡土传统传承、人地关系共识为主导的阶段逐渐让渡于现代性主宰乡村性的阶段，延续至当下现代与传统共塑新地方性的阶段。
The cultural identity of rural areas is a continuously changing and mixing process, without a binary framework that simply divides tradition and modernity. In this complex process, rural architectural construction has evolved from stages dominated by identity recognition, local tradition inheritance, and consensus on human-land relationships to stages where modernity governs rural characteristics, continuing to the current phase where modernity and tradition together shape a new local character.
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